What is characterized by systematic observation and experimentation since the 17th century?

The scientific method is characterized by a systematic approach to inquiry that involves observation, experimentation, and the formulation of hypotheses to explain natural phenomena. This method became more clearly defined and popularized during the 17th century, marking a significant shift away from reliance on dogma and untested theories. The emphasis on repeatable and observable experiments allowed scientists to gather evidence, leading to more reliable conclusions about the natural world.

This systematic methodology laid the groundwork for modern science, fostering advancements across various fields by promoting rigorous testing of ideas and peer review. While theory development, the scientific revolution, and empirical research all relate to the progression of scientific knowledge, they do not encapsulate the foundational process established by the scientific method as directly as this option does.