What is the scientific study of Earth's origin, history, and structure called?

The scientific study of Earth's origin, history, and structure is known as geology. This field encompasses a broad range of topics, including the formation of the Earth and its physical features, such as rocks, minerals, and landforms, as well as the processes that have shaped the planet over time, like plate tectonics, erosion, and sedimentation. Geologists also study the history of life on Earth through the analysis of fossil records, which helps to reconstruct past environments and understand the evolution of life.

Other fields mentioned, such as oceanography, focus specifically on the oceans and their ecosystems, while geography studies the spatial relationships and characteristics of places but doesn't delve deeply into the Earth's physical structure or its origins. Astronomy, on the other hand, deals with celestial bodies and the universe beyond Earth, so it is not directly related to the study of the Earth itself.