What layer surrounds the inner core of the Earth and is composed of molten iron and nickel?

The layer that surrounds the inner core of the Earth and is composed of molten iron and nickel is the outer core. The outer core is crucial because it plays a significant role in the generation of the Earth's magnetic field through the process of convection and the movement of molten metal.

The outer core is in a liquid state, which allows for the flow of these molten materials, creating electric currents that contribute to the magnetic field. This magnetic field is essential for protecting the Earth from solar radiation and cosmic rays.

The other layers mentioned, such as the mesosphere and asthenosphere, refer to different parts of the Earth’s interior. The mesosphere is part of the mantle below the asthenosphere, while the asthenosphere is a softer, more ductile section of the upper mantle that allows tectonic plates to move. The lithosphere encompasses the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, which is rigid compared to the more fluid layers beneath it.

Understanding the composition and characteristics of these layers helps illustrate the dynamic processes occurring within the Earth.