Which process refers to the breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface?

The process that refers to the breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface is known as weathering. Weathering involves the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks and minerals due to exposure to various environmental factors such as temperature changes, moisture, wind, and biological activity. This process can occur in two main forms: mechanical weathering, where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, and chemical weathering, where the chemical structure of the minerals is altered, often leading to new minerals.

This distinction is fundamental, as weathering is a critical initial step in soil formation and plays a significant role in the rock cycle. By breaking down solid rock into smaller particles, weathering prepares materials for further transportation and erosion, which can reshape landscapes over time. Understanding this process is essential in fields such as geology, environmental science, and ecology, as it influences various natural systems and human activities.